第八讲水声通信及其研究进展

水声通信是当前唯一可在水下进行远程信息传输的通信形式，由于其在民用和军事上都有重大意义，水声通信的研究一直是国内外研究的热点．文章介绍了水声通信的特点、系统组成、发展历史和国内外的发展现状，最后简要介绍了文章作者在高速水声通信研究方面的成果和进展．     

A high resolution sonar for sea-bed imaging

A sonar system for making three-dimensional topographic images of the sea-bed is described. The system applies a sectorial scan within each range cell by electronic beam forming. It is designed to resolve 128 beams each separated by 0.5° to cover a 64° sector. The beam forming is facilitated by a real-time Fourier transform of the signal samples from the multielement receiving transducer array. The Fourier transform is implemented as a chirp transform using surface acoustic wave reflective array devices.The design and measured performance of the transducers, and the beam former are discussed in some detail.     

An ultrasonic signal processor for use in underwater acoustics

An ultrasonic signal processor is described which analyses information from conventional echo sounders fitted to small craft. Although an inexpensive accessory, it includes a number of novel features of value both to hydrographers and fishermen.The features include a high level of quantitative bottom discrimination, a wide dynamic range of fish abundance measurement with fine resolution (including modes for bottom trawling and net ‘flying’), the ability to detect fish close to the sea bottom, and the provision of audible warning systems. One of the features of the device is that while exploiting original scientific approaches, it permits these to be used in such a way as to augment, confirm and extend the professional experience of the individual fisherman.     

Accumulative uncertainties in the quantitative evaluation of signals from fish

The accuracy of the acoustical method used in quantitative assessment of fish populations is mainly dependent on the measurement of the time varying echo signals and the evaluation of the fish target strengths. Various types of accumulative uncertainties involved in the measurement and estimation of different physical variables associated with the two way propagation of the acoustic signals between the fish target and the echo sounder system are investigated in this paper. The accumulative uncertainties are so high that an attempt to obtain an accuracy of, say, 0.5 dB in the conventional target strength calibration routines would have little meaning for any practical fishstock assessment survey. A new dynamic calibration method is proposed and discussed.     

A miniature high resolution 3-D imaging sonar

This paper discusses the design and development of a miniature, high resolution 3-D imaging sonar. The design utilizes frequency steered phased arrays (FSPA) technology. FSPAs present a small, low-power solution to the problem of underwater imaging sonars. The technology provides a method to build sonars with a large number of beams without the proportional power, circuitry and processing complexity. The design differs from previous methods in that the array elements are manufactured from a monolithic material. With this technique the arrays are flat and considerably smaller element dimensions are achievable which allows for higher frequency ranges and smaller array sizes. In the current frequency range, the demonstrated array has ultra high image resolution (1″ range × 1° azimuth × 1° elevation) and small size (<3″ × 3″). The design of the FSPA utilizes the phasing-induced frequency-dependent directionality of a linear phased array to produce multiple beams in a forward sector. The FSPA requires only two hardware channels per array and can be arranged in single and multiple array configurations that deliver wide sector 2-D images. 3-D images can be obtained by scanning the array in a direction perpendicular to the 2-D image field and applying suitable image processing to the multiple scanned 2-D images. This paper introduces the 3-D FSPA concept, theory and design methodology. Finally, results from a prototype array are presented and discussed.     

双基地条件下目标强度实验研究

本文对双基地条件下，水下航行器的目标强度进行了实验研究，取得了很有价值的水池试验数据，根据试验结果，结合理论计算，证明双基地理论计算的可行性。研究结果对小型水下航行器的多基地研究有重要意义。     

声纳信号宽容性检测指数的初步分析

自上世纪六十年代以来,信号的宽容性(Robust,Robustness)处理就开始在统计数学与信号处理领域受到关注。由于声纳使用的水声环境的特殊复杂性,从事声纳信号处理和声纳设计的学者对环境适应性处理和宽容性水声信号处理开展了大量的研究。主要的目的是探索水声环境效应以及对声纳信号处理的影响,企图寻求一种适应环境的宽容性信号处理方法。本文初步探讨水声信号处理领域宽容性检测的基本概念,给出一种度量宽容性性能的数量指标。同时推导在不同声速剖面下声纳检测宽容性指标和所使用频率的关系。对文中所提出的理论方法与国内外实际海试的某些实例进行了分析比较。     

海豚声纳信号的脉冲分解及特征分析

提出一种海豚声纳目标探测脉冲串信号的脉冲分解方法,在此基础上对海豚声纳脉冲信号的特征进行了分析,其中包括脉冲宽度、脉冲间隔以及脉冲的时间分辨率和频率分辨率,并采用耳蜗滤波对海豚声纳脉冲串信号的时频特征进行了分析。分析结果表明,探测目标的过程中,根据目标距离的不同,海豚会自适应调节脉冲信号的发射频率和信号形式。     

顾及光谱混叠的高光谱相机任意方向侧扫几何成像

以移动平台的线推扫式高光谱相机横向推扫成像不同于以卫星平台或飞机平台的竖直摄影成像方式,其属于水平方向推扫竖直方向成像,存在投影面选择、空间方位确定以及光顾混叠等问题。针对上述情况,详细推导了适合于线阵高光谱相机地面推扫的影像像素地理参考模型,可以进行任意方向的地面横向推扫成像;结合影像的地面采样间隔大小及推扫成像的区域范围,给出了地理参考后影像格网划分的一般过程;同时,考虑到在影像格网划分过程中存在的舍入误差,以及在影像校正过程中采用传统直接光谱采样可能造成的光谱掺杂问题,提出了基于地理参考后相邻像素重叠面积作为权重系数进行加权融合的改进光谱采样方法。最后进行了大量地面横向推扫成像实验,并依据上述算法进行了影像畸变校正,验证了线阵影像几何畸变校正算法的有效性及鲁棒性,同时,对校正好后的影像选用多个样本点进行了光谱数据验证,实验表明改进后的光谱采样方法明显优于直接光谱采样算法,为同类产品的地面应用提供参考。